Toronto Blue Jays History Key Players And Impact

The Toronto Blue Jays, Canada's sole Major League Baseball (MLB) team, boast a rich history and a dedicated fanbase. This article delves into the various facets of the Blue Jays, providing an exhaustive overview of their history, achievements, key players, and their impact on the city of Toronto and Canadian baseball. From their humble beginnings to their World Series triumphs and the stars who have donned the Blue Jays uniform, we will explore the team's journey and its significance in the world of baseball. This comprehensive analysis will offer fans and newcomers alike a detailed understanding of the Blue Jays' legacy and their ongoing pursuit of excellence.

History of the Toronto Blue Jays

The history of the Toronto Blue Jays is a captivating narrative of growth, triumph, and evolution. Established in 1977 as an expansion team, the Blue Jays brought Major League Baseball to Canada, igniting a passion for the sport across the nation. The early years were marked by struggles, as the team worked to build a competitive roster and establish its identity. However, the late 1980s heralded a turning point, with the emergence of star players and a sustained period of contention. The Toronto Blue Jays quickly became a formidable force in the American League East, challenging established powerhouses like the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. The acquisition of key players through trades and drafts bolstered the team's lineup and pitching staff, setting the stage for an era of unprecedented success. The culmination of these efforts came in the early 1990s when the Blue Jays achieved back-to-back World Series championships in 1992 and 1993, cementing their place in baseball history. These victories not only brought immense pride to Toronto and Canada but also solidified the Blue Jays' status as a premier franchise in MLB. The years following the World Series wins saw periods of rebuilding and retooling, as the team navigated the challenges of free agency and a changing baseball landscape. Despite these fluctuations, the Blue Jays remained committed to developing young talent and competing for playoff berths. In recent years, the franchise has experienced a resurgence, fueled by a new wave of exciting players and a renewed focus on building a sustainable contender. The team's history serves as a testament to its resilience, adaptability, and unwavering commitment to bringing championship-caliber baseball to its fans. From the inaugural season to the present day, the Blue Jays have left an indelible mark on the sport, inspiring generations of Canadian baseball enthusiasts and solidifying their place as a cornerstone of Toronto's sporting identity. The journey of the Blue Jays is a story of perseverance, strategic planning, and the enduring pursuit of excellence, making it a compelling chapter in the annals of baseball history.

Early Years and Expansion (1977-1984)

The early years of the Toronto Blue Jays, from 1977 to 1984, were characterized by the typical growing pains of an expansion team. Joining Major League Baseball as its northernmost franchise, the Blue Jays faced the challenge of building a competitive team from scratch. The inaugural season in 1977 was a learning experience, with the team enduring a losing record as they sought to establish their identity and develop their talent pool. The Blue Jays played their first game on April 7, 1977, at Exhibition Stadium, marking a historic moment for Canadian baseball. Despite the struggles on the field, the team quickly garnered a loyal following, with fans embracing the opportunity to support their own MLB franchise. The early rosters consisted of a mix of veteran players and promising young prospects, as the organization focused on building a foundation for future success. While victories were scarce in the initial seasons, the Blue Jays made gradual progress, identifying key players and developing a long-term strategy for contention. The challenges of expansion included navigating the complexities of the MLB draft, making shrewd trades, and cultivating a winning culture within the organization. The ballpark experience at Exhibition Stadium, though not ideal in its design, provided a unique atmosphere for fans, who braved the often-chilly Toronto weather to cheer on their team. During this period, the Blue Jays laid the groundwork for their future success by investing in player development and scouting, recognizing that building a sustainable contender required a commitment to nurturing talent from within. The early years also saw the emergence of fan-favorite players who would become integral parts of the team's identity. These individuals not only contributed on the field but also helped to foster a sense of community and pride among Blue Jays supporters. The foundational efforts made during this era, though not immediately yielding championships, were crucial in shaping the franchise's trajectory and setting the stage for the remarkable achievements that would follow. The dedication of the ownership, management, and players during these formative years established the Blue Jays as a significant presence in Toronto's sporting landscape and laid the groundwork for their future rise to prominence in Major League Baseball. The legacy of the early Blue Jays teams is one of resilience, determination, and the unwavering pursuit of a dream, making it a vital chapter in the team's rich history.

Rise to Contention and World Series Glory (1985-1993)

The Toronto Blue Jays' rise to contention and World Series glory, spanning from 1985 to 1993, represents a golden era in the franchise's history. This period marked the culmination of years of strategic planning, player development, and shrewd acquisitions, transforming the Blue Jays from an expansion team into a baseball powerhouse. The 1985 season was a watershed moment, as the team captured its first American League East division title, signaling their arrival as a force to be reckoned with in MLB. Led by a core of talented players and a seasoned manager, the Blue Jays showcased a blend of offensive firepower and solid pitching, captivating fans and establishing a winning culture. The mid-to-late 1980s saw the emergence of key players who would become synonymous with Blue Jays baseball, including All-Stars and award winners who contributed significantly to the team's success. The acquisitions of veteran players through trades and free agency further bolstered the roster, adding experience and leadership to the clubhouse. The strategic approach to building the team, combined with a commitment to developing young talent, created a sustainable foundation for long-term contention. The pinnacle of this era arrived in the early 1990s when the Blue Jays achieved back-to-back World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. These victories not only brought immense pride to Toronto and Canada but also solidified the franchise's place among the elite teams in baseball history. The 1992 World Series triumph against the Atlanta Braves was a historic moment, marking the first time a team from outside the United States had won the championship. The following year, the Blue Jays repeated their success, defeating the Philadelphia Phillies in a thrilling six-game series that is etched in the memories of baseball fans. The World Series victories were a testament to the team's talent, resilience, and unwavering determination, as well as the passionate support of their fans. The atmosphere at SkyDome (now Rogers Centre), the team's state-of-the-art stadium, was electric during this period, creating an unforgettable experience for players and spectators alike. The legacy of the Blue Jays' championship teams extends beyond the trophies and accolades, inspiring a generation of Canadian baseball players and fans. The period from 1985 to 1993 represents a defining chapter in the team's history, showcasing the power of strategic planning, player development, and a relentless pursuit of excellence.

Post-Championship Era and Rebuilding Phases (1994-2014)

The post-championship era and rebuilding phases of the Toronto Blue Jays, spanning from 1994 to 2014, were marked by significant transitions and challenges as the team sought to recapture its former glory. Following the World Series triumphs of 1992 and 1993, the Blue Jays faced the inevitable task of retooling their roster and adapting to a changing baseball landscape. The mid-1990s saw the departure of key players from the championship teams, either through free agency or trades, leading to a period of rebuilding. The focus shifted towards developing young talent and acquiring prospects through the draft, as the organization aimed to build a sustainable contender for the future. However, the rebuilding process proved to be lengthy and arduous, with the team experiencing a prolonged playoff drought. Despite the challenges on the field, the Blue Jays remained committed to their fan base, who continued to support the team through thick and thin. The construction of SkyDome (now Rogers Centre) in 1989 provided a modern and iconic venue for baseball in Toronto, but the team struggled to consistently fill the stands during the rebuilding years. The organization explored various strategies to improve the team's performance, including hiring new managers and front-office personnel, but sustained success remained elusive. The Blue Jays faced increased competition within the American League East, as rival teams invested heavily in player acquisitions and infrastructure. The financial constraints and competitive landscape made it difficult for the Blue Jays to compete with the top teams in the league consistently. Despite the setbacks, there were moments of optimism during this period, with the emergence of promising young players and occasional winning seasons. The development of homegrown talent became a priority, as the team sought to cultivate a core group of players who could lead the franchise back to contention. The challenges of the post-championship era underscored the cyclical nature of professional sports, as well as the importance of patience and long-term planning in building a successful organization. The Blue Jays' journey through the rebuilding phases was a testament to the resilience of the franchise and its unwavering commitment to its fans. The lessons learned during this period would ultimately inform the team's strategies and lay the groundwork for their resurgence in the years to come. The post-championship era serves as a crucial chapter in the Blue Jays' history, highlighting the complexities of maintaining success in Major League Baseball and the importance of adapting to evolving circumstances.

Recent Success and Future Prospects (2015-Present)

The Toronto Blue Jays' recent success and future prospects, spanning from 2015 to the present, mark a period of renewed excitement and optimism for the franchise. After a prolonged playoff drought, the Blue Jays experienced a resurgence in 2015, fueled by a series of impactful trades and the emergence of key players. The acquisition of star players through trades injected new life into the team, creating a potent offensive lineup and a more competitive roster overall. The 2015 season saw the Blue Jays capture the American League East division title, ending a 22-year playoff drought and igniting a wave of enthusiasm among fans. The team's playoff run, though ultimately unsuccessful in reaching the World Series, provided a glimpse of the franchise's potential and a renewed sense of hope for the future. The 2016 season brought further success, as the Blue Jays once again made the playoffs, demonstrating the sustainability of their competitive form. The team's performance during this period was characterized by a blend of veteran leadership and youthful exuberance, creating a dynamic and exciting brand of baseball. The fan support for the Blue Jays reached new heights, with record-breaking attendance figures and a palpable sense of excitement in Toronto and across Canada. The team's success on the field translated into increased visibility and popularity for baseball in the country, inspiring a new generation of fans. As the Blue Jays look to the future, the organization is focused on building a long-term contender, through a combination of player development, strategic acquisitions, and a commitment to innovation. The farm system is a key component of the team's future plans, with several highly touted prospects poised to make an impact at the major league level. The front office has demonstrated a willingness to invest in talent and explore new strategies for building a winning team, reflecting a commitment to sustained success. The challenges facing the Blue Jays include navigating the competitive landscape of the American League East and managing the financial aspects of operating a major league franchise. However, the team's recent success has positioned them as a desirable destination for free agents and a team capable of competing with the best in baseball. The future prospects for the Blue Jays appear bright, with a talented roster, a dedicated fan base, and a clear vision for the future. The organization's commitment to excellence, combined with the passion of its supporters, suggests that the Blue Jays are poised to remain a prominent force in Major League Baseball for years to come. The recent success and future prospects of the team represent an exciting chapter in the franchise's history, building upon the legacy of the past and setting the stage for continued achievement.

Key Players in Toronto Blue Jays History

The Toronto Blue Jays have been home to numerous iconic players throughout their history, each contributing to the team's legacy and captivating fans with their talent and dedication. These key players have not only achieved individual accolades but have also played pivotal roles in the team's successes, including the unforgettable World Series championships. Identifying and celebrating these players is essential to understanding the Blue Jays' rich history and the impact they have had on the sport in Canada. From Hall of Famers to fan favorites, the Blue Jays' roster of legends includes individuals who have excelled both on and off the field. Their contributions extend beyond statistics and awards, encompassing the inspiration they have provided to aspiring players and the indelible mark they have left on the Toronto community. This section will highlight some of the most significant players in Blue Jays history, examining their careers, accomplishments, and the lasting legacy they have created. By exploring the stories of these key players, we gain a deeper appreciation for the Blue Jays' journey and the enduring appeal of baseball in Toronto. The selection of key players is based on a combination of factors, including statistical achievements, impact on team success, longevity with the franchise, and overall contribution to the sport. The list includes players from different eras, reflecting the team's evolution and the diverse array of talent that has donned the Blue Jays uniform. The impact of these players extends beyond the field, as many have become role models and ambassadors for the team and the city of Toronto. Their stories serve as a reminder of the power of sports to unite communities and inspire individuals to pursue their dreams. The legacy of these key players will continue to resonate with Blue Jays fans for generations to come, ensuring that their contributions are remembered and celebrated. The process of identifying and honoring these individuals is an ongoing one, as new stars emerge and the team's history continues to unfold. The commitment to recognizing and celebrating the key players in Blue Jays history underscores the franchise's dedication to its past and its vision for the future. The stories of these players are interwoven with the narrative of the Blue Jays, providing a compelling account of the team's journey and the individuals who have shaped its identity. The exploration of their careers and achievements offers a comprehensive understanding of the Blue Jays' legacy and the enduring appeal of baseball in Toronto.

Roberto Alomar

Roberto Alomar, a Hall of Fame second baseman, is one of the most iconic figures in Toronto Blue Jays history. His tenure with the team from 1991 to 1995 coincided with the franchise's most successful era, including the back-to-back World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. Alomar's impact on the Blue Jays was multifaceted, encompassing his exceptional offensive skills, dazzling defensive prowess, and his ability to perform under pressure in crucial moments. His arrival in Toronto via a trade with the San Diego Padres in 1990 immediately elevated the team's infield defense and provided a significant boost to the lineup. Alomar's combination of speed, power, and exceptional bat control made him a formidable hitter, capable of driving in runs and setting the table for the team's other offensive stars. His ability to hit from both sides of the plate added another dimension to his offensive game, making him a challenging matchup for opposing pitchers. Defensively, Alomar was renowned for his smooth fielding, quick reflexes, and strong arm. His range and agility allowed him to cover significant ground at second base, while his accurate throws and sure hands made him a reliable defender. Alomar's defensive excellence earned him multiple Gold Glove awards, solidifying his reputation as one of the best defensive second basemen in baseball history. Beyond his on-field contributions, Alomar was a key leader in the Blue Jays' clubhouse, providing a calming presence and setting a positive example for his teammates. His professionalism and dedication to the game earned him the respect of his peers and the admiration of fans. Alomar's performance in the postseason was particularly memorable, as he consistently rose to the occasion in critical situations. His game-tying home run in Game 4 of the 1992 American League Championship Series against the Oakland Athletics is one of the most iconic moments in Blue Jays history. Alomar's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2011 was a testament to his exceptional career and his lasting legacy in the sport. His time with the Blue Jays remains a highlight of his career, and his contributions to the team's success will never be forgotten by fans in Toronto. Alomar's impact on the Blue Jays extends beyond his statistics and awards, as he helped to define the team's identity during its championship years. His legacy as one of the greatest players in franchise history is secure, and his name will forever be synonymous with the Blue Jays' golden era.

Joe Carter

Joe Carter, an outfielder and first baseman, is forever etched in the memory of Toronto Blue Jays fans for his dramatic World Series-winning home run in 1993. His tenure with the team from 1991 to 1997 was marked by consistent offensive production, clutch hitting, and a charismatic personality that endeared him to fans and teammates alike. Carter's arrival in Toronto via a trade with the San Diego Padres in 1990 provided the Blue Jays with a powerful right-handed bat in the middle of their lineup. His ability to hit for both average and power made him a valuable run producer, and his consistent performance made him a reliable presence in the batting order. Carter's offensive prowess was on full display during his time with the Blue Jays, as he consistently ranked among the team's leaders in home runs, RBIs, and other key offensive categories. His powerful swing and aggressive approach at the plate made him a daunting opponent for opposing pitchers. Beyond his offensive contributions, Carter was also a skilled defensive player, capable of playing both corner outfield positions and first base. His versatility allowed the Blue Jays to utilize him in various roles, and his strong arm and reliable glove made him a valuable asset on defense. Carter's impact extended beyond the field, as he was known for his positive attitude, leadership qualities, and his ability to connect with fans. His warm personality and engaging demeanor made him a popular figure in the Toronto community. The defining moment of Carter's career came in Game 6 of the 1993 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies. With the Blue Jays trailing by one run in the bottom of the ninth inning, Carter stepped to the plate with two runners on base. On a 2-2 count, he launched a three-run home run over the left-field fence, clinching the World Series title for Toronto and sending the city into a frenzy. The iconic image of Carter leaping and pumping his fist as he rounded the bases is one of the most memorable moments in baseball history. Carter's legacy with the Blue Jays is defined by his World Series-winning home run, but his overall contributions to the team's success were significant. His consistent offensive production, defensive versatility, and leadership qualities made him an integral part of the Blue Jays' championship teams. Carter's place in Blue Jays history is secure, and his name will forever be associated with the team's greatest moments.

Roy Halladay

Roy Halladay, a two-time Cy Young Award winner and one of the most dominant pitchers of his era, left an indelible mark on the Toronto Blue Jays during his tenure with the team from 1998 to 2009. Known for his unparalleled work ethic, meticulous preparation, and unwavering competitiveness, Halladay established himself as the ace of the Blue Jays' pitching staff and one of the most respected players in the game. Halladay's arrival in Toronto marked the beginning of a remarkable career that would see him consistently rank among the league leaders in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average. His dedication to his craft was evident in his rigorous training regimen and his meticulous study of opposing hitters. Halladay's pitching repertoire included a devastating fastball, a sharp slider, and a deceptive changeup, allowing him to effectively attack hitters from various angles and with varying speeds. His ability to command his pitches and consistently locate them in the strike zone made him a challenging opponent for even the most talented hitters. Halladay's impact on the Blue Jays extended beyond his individual statistics, as he served as a role model for his teammates and a leader in the clubhouse. His professionalism and commitment to excellence set a high standard for the entire team. The signature moment of Halladay's career with the Blue Jays came on September 27, 2003, when he pitched a complete-game shutout against the Detroit Tigers to clinch a playoff berth for Toronto. The performance showcased Halladay's resilience and determination, as he battled through a tough lineup to secure a crucial victory for his team. Halladay's individual accolades with the Blue Jays included a Cy Young Award in 2003, multiple All-Star selections, and numerous other honors. His consistent excellence earned him the respect of his peers and the admiration of fans across baseball. Halladay's departure from the Blue Jays in 2009 was a difficult moment for the team and its fans, but his legacy in Toronto remains secure. His contributions to the franchise were significant, and his impact on the city and its baseball community will never be forgotten. Halladay's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2019 was a fitting tribute to his remarkable career and his lasting legacy in the sport. His time with the Blue Jays will forever be remembered as a period of unparalleled excellence and dedication.

Impact on Toronto and Canadian Baseball

The Toronto Blue Jays' impact on Toronto and Canadian baseball is profound and multifaceted, extending far beyond their on-field achievements. As Canada's sole Major League Baseball team, the Blue Jays have played a pivotal role in popularizing the sport across the country and fostering a deep sense of national pride. The team's presence in Toronto has transformed the city into a baseball hub, attracting fans from all walks of life and contributing significantly to the local economy. The Blue Jays' success, particularly their World Series victories in 1992 and 1993, sparked a surge in baseball participation among Canadian youth, inspiring a new generation of players and fans. The team's accomplishments have also elevated the profile of Canadian baseball on the international stage, showcasing the country's passion for the sport and its ability to produce talented players. The Blue Jays' community involvement is another key aspect of their impact, with the team actively supporting various charitable initiatives and youth programs throughout Toronto and Canada. Their efforts to give back to the community have strengthened their bond with fans and reinforced their role as a positive force in society. The economic impact of the Blue Jays on Toronto is substantial, with the team generating significant revenue through ticket sales, merchandise, and other activities. The presence of a major league baseball team also enhances the city's reputation as a world-class destination for sports and entertainment. The Blue Jays' influence on Canadian baseball extends to the development of amateur programs and the growth of the sport at the grassroots level. The team's success has inspired young players to pursue their dreams and has created opportunities for Canadians to play and coach at the highest levels of the game. The cultural impact of the Blue Jays on Toronto is undeniable, with the team becoming an integral part of the city's identity and fabric. The Blue Jays' games provide a shared experience for fans, bringing people together from diverse backgrounds to celebrate their love of baseball. The Blue Jays' legacy in Toronto and Canada is one of inspiration, pride, and community. Their contributions to the sport and the city will continue to be felt for generations to come. The team's journey has been marked by moments of triumph, challenges overcome, and an unwavering commitment to excellence. The future of the Blue Jays in Toronto and Canada looks bright, with the team poised to continue its role as a source of national pride and a symbol of the city's sporting passion.

Popularizing Baseball in Canada

The Toronto Blue Jays have been instrumental in popularizing baseball in Canada, serving as a beacon for the sport across the nation. As the country's sole Major League Baseball team, the Blue Jays have shouldered the responsibility of promoting baseball and fostering a love for the game among Canadians of all ages. Their establishment in 1977 marked a pivotal moment, bringing MLB to Canada and providing a platform for Canadian players to aspire to the highest levels of the sport. The Blue Jays' success, particularly their World Series championships in 1992 and 1993, ignited a baseball frenzy in Canada, captivating the nation and inspiring countless young people to pick up a bat and glove. The impact of the World Series victories cannot be overstated, as they transformed the Blue Jays into a national symbol and created a lasting legacy for baseball in Canada. The team's presence has also led to increased media coverage of baseball in Canada, with games broadcast nationally and local sports networks providing in-depth coverage of the team and its players. This exposure has helped to raise awareness of baseball and attract new fans to the sport. The Blue Jays' community outreach efforts have further contributed to the popularization of baseball in Canada, with the team actively engaging with youth and supporting local baseball programs. Their initiatives to promote the sport at the grassroots level have helped to develop young talent and ensure the long-term growth of baseball in the country. The team's success in developing Canadian players has also played a role in popularizing baseball, with homegrown stars like Russell Martin and Vladimir Guerrero Jr. inspiring a new generation of Canadian athletes. The Blue Jays' annual Canada Day game has become a tradition, drawing fans from across the country to celebrate Canadian baseball and national pride. The game serves as a showcase for the team and the sport, highlighting the Blue Jays' importance to Canadian culture and identity. The Blue Jays' fan base extends far beyond Toronto, with supporters across Canada passionately following the team and its players. This national following underscores the Blue Jays' role as a unifying force in Canadian sports and culture. The legacy of the Blue Jays in popularizing baseball in Canada is secure, and the team's impact will continue to be felt for generations to come. Their commitment to promoting the sport and engaging with communities across the country has solidified their place as a national treasure.

Economic and Cultural Impact on Toronto

The Toronto Blue Jays have exerted a significant economic and cultural impact on the city of Toronto, becoming an integral part of its identity and contributing substantially to its economy. The team's presence has transformed Toronto into a baseball-centric city, attracting fans from all walks of life and fostering a deep sense of civic pride. The economic benefits generated by the Blue Jays are considerable, with the team contributing millions of dollars annually to the local economy through ticket sales, merchandise, and other activities. The Rogers Centre, the Blue Jays' home stadium, serves as a major entertainment venue in Toronto, hosting not only baseball games but also concerts and other events that draw visitors to the city. The team's presence has also stimulated development in the surrounding area, with restaurants, bars, and other businesses thriving due to the influx of fans and visitors. The Blue Jays' success has enhanced Toronto's reputation as a world-class city for sports and entertainment, attracting tourists and businesses to the region. The team's World Series victories in 1992 and 1993 created a lasting legacy for Toronto, cementing its place in baseball history and generating immense pride among its citizens. The cultural impact of the Blue Jays on Toronto is profound, with the team becoming a symbol of the city's diversity and passion for sports. The Blue Jays' games provide a shared experience for fans, bringing people together from different backgrounds to celebrate their love of baseball and their city. The team's players have become local celebrities, with their accomplishments and personalities resonating with fans throughout Toronto. The Blue Jays' community involvement has further strengthened their bond with the city, with the team actively supporting various charitable initiatives and youth programs. Their efforts to give back to the community have reinforced their role as a positive force in Toronto society. The Blue Jays' legacy in Toronto is one of economic prosperity, cultural enrichment, and civic pride. The team's contributions to the city have been significant, and their impact will continue to be felt for generations to come. The future of the Blue Jays in Toronto looks bright, with the team poised to continue its role as a source of entertainment, inspiration, and community spirit.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Toronto Blue Jays stand as a cornerstone of Canadian baseball and a significant part of Toronto's cultural fabric. From their inception as an expansion team to their World Series triumphs and ongoing efforts to build a competitive roster, the Blue Jays have consistently demonstrated a commitment to excellence and a passion for the game. Their impact extends far beyond the diamond, influencing the popularity of baseball in Canada and contributing to the economic and cultural vitality of Toronto. The legacy of key players like Roberto Alomar, Joe Carter, and Roy Halladay continues to inspire fans and aspiring athletes, while the team's recent successes offer a glimpse of a promising future. The Blue Jays' journey is a testament to the power of sports to unite communities, create lasting memories, and foster a sense of national pride. Their story is one of perseverance, strategic planning, and the unwavering pursuit of a dream, making them a beloved institution in Toronto and across Canada. The future prospects of the Blue Jays are bright, with a talented roster and a dedicated fan base poised to support the team's quest for continued success. As the Blue Jays move forward, their legacy will undoubtedly grow, further solidifying their place in baseball history and their connection with the city and country they represent. The Blue Jays' impact on Canadian baseball is undeniable, and their contributions to Toronto's cultural and economic landscape are significant. Their story is a compelling one, filled with moments of triumph and challenges overcome, making them a truly remarkable franchise. The Blue Jays' commitment to excellence and their passion for the game have made them a beloved institution in Toronto and across Canada, and their legacy will continue to inspire generations of fans and players.